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How Influencers Are Gaming the System With Fake Followers and Click Farms

By Ingrid Chua
Dec 11, 2019
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In 2009, social media finally found a foothold in the fashion industry. Dennis Valle, then-chief digital and marketing officer of Dolce and Gabbana, decided to install relatively unknown bloggers alongside top editors and international buyers in the front row of the brand’s fall/ winter 2009 show. Overnight, the photograph that Valle had taken of those fashion “outsiders” became famous and has since become the poster for how bloggers made their influence crucial in the industry today. 

In an interview with Valle, he recalled, “Bloggers became the new wave of fashion communication. A few years back, fashion weeks were the playgrounds of editors, stylists, and buyers. Since then, there has been a noticeable shift within the industry. It is clear that these digital style icons are leading the charge. Social media channels have since become important if not necessary in fashion.”

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How Influence Is Measured

So how was blogger influence measured back then? Bloggers worked closely with affiliate marketing companies and brands with e-commerce presence to incorporate links with unique codes into their blogs when they “promote” a product. These embedded links allowed their audience to purchase merchandise, redirecting them from the blog to the affiliate e-commerce stores. Bloggers get sell-through reports and receive performance-based commissions monthly from the amount of sales generated by their unique links. Influence was measured tangibly by “click-throughs” generated by each blog publisher. 

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In 2010, the social media landscape changed. Instagram happened, and before long, influencers on that platform overtook bloggers. Though influence is still a numbers game, it became increasingly difficult for brands to measure “influence” when it came to Instagram. There was no tangible and easily determined correlation between follower count with influence to affect sales. But the possibilities of influence remain undeniable with the number of people using the platform. According to Statista, Instagram has one billion users as of 2019. Fifty percent of those users are on the platform daily, and they spend an average of 53 minutes on it. Seventy-one percent of the users are aged between 25 to 34, while 58 percent of the users are female. 

In a report by Mediakix, marketers will spend $8.5 billion on Instagram influencers in 2019. In the Philippines, a sizeable number of consumer-oriented companies have taken to contracting Instagram influencers by paying them anywhere from P30,000 per post to market and push products and services. A top marketing executive for a multinational corporation confirmed that its marketing budget for influencers has increased in recent years. Influencers are hired for short-term social media campaigns—between three to five static Instagram posts and a series of posts on Instagram stories. An influencer’s follower count is also directly proportional to the rates they’re paid—the higher the influencer’s numbers, the higher his or her rates. 

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How Influencers Are Gaming the System

When you have amassed a huge number of followers, the amount of money you receive as a “professional” Instagram influencer is decent, especially for the amount of work involved. And because most advertisers and brands still pay and base their prices on follower count rather than on authentic engagement and sales conversion (which in itself is not easy to prove), this only serves to encourage ethically challenged influencers to take shortcuts to increase follower count and find questionable means to manipulate the Instagram algorithm. It isn’t difficult to see why many take this route because they want to become Instagram influencers: It is easy money with very little work involved.

The influencer market continues to grow exponentially, and this makes fraud inevitably more rampant. According to Chavie Lieber of Business of Fashion, “influencer fraud—whether it’s buying followers or hiring ‘click farms’ to like or comment on posts, will cost advertisers $1.3 billion this year.” This data is based on a study conducted by the cybersecurity company, Cheq, with the University of Baltimore. Some of these inauthentic means to inflate Instagram follower count have been identified and are considered artificial or inauthentic: 

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1| Buying Followers or Click Farms

Ethically challenged Instagram users buy followers and contract “click farms” or third-party services to manage likes and increase their engagement numbers. The same Business of Fashion article mentioned that influencers pay as low as $16 (around P800) for 1,000 followers. Most of these companies offering followers and likes for low prices use Internet bots—software applications that perform semi-automated or automated tasks. After paying for the service, the Instagrammer almost immediately starts to get a trickle of new followers.

In 2014, Instagram clamped down on this practice by eradicating bots and fake accounts, resulting in between a 20 to 70 percent drop in follower count among influencers. And while Instagram supposedly continues to purge fake accounts from its platform, third-party service companies and “click farms” that sell followers are still burgeoning, a clear sign that the industry is only getting bigger.

2| Follow for Follow, Like for Like 

Instagram influencers can also easily inflate follower count by “mass-following” hundreds of other Instagrammers through certain tools and apps based on filter criteria (location, age, gender). This practice is done with the assumption that those who get followed will reciprocate by following back. Days later, the same influencer unfollows those people he/she followed earlier, unbeknownst to those who had followed the influencer back. This is an artificial way to increase follower count because it is based on a “follow-for-follow” practice rather than on the genuine interest in the influencer’s content. 

“Likes-for-likes” works in a similar way. Influencers follow hashtags, do “spam likes,” and leave one-word comments or single emoticons/ emojis on every photo under those hashtags, with the expectation that the other Instagrammers whose photos got liked, will return the engagement. 

This is very deceptive, as the “vanity metric” of likes or follows procured through these methods do not allow for content to be properly viewed or be directed to the intended audience. All that has done is to attract “click-happy” followers who don’t actually spend time learning more about the influencer or processing the influencer’s posts. According to University of Baltimore professor Roberto Cavazos who was interviewed for the Business of Fashion story, these “transactions are clearly not what brands have in mind when creating and paying for campaigns.”

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3| Instagram Pods

Other influencers try to increase numbers by creating “Instagram pods,” which most likely consist of their fellow influencers and friends. In this case, each pod member is tasked to comment on and like fellow members’ posts to boost engagement rate and manipulate Instagram’s algorithm, making those posts or profiles more visible to potential followers. If you carefully dissect the Instagram posts of these influencers, you will notice the same group of people commenting, and their comments might not even be related to the influencer’s photo caption simply because they did not bother to read them.

A report released by analytics company, Hype Auditor, stated that over 61.89 percent of Instagram influencers with over one million followers in 2018 has “the highest rate of inauthentic comments” and this is not just largely because of their actions, but also because of the “spam methods that use other influencers and Instagram users to grow their accounts.” Engagement inauthenticity has become inexorably linked to Instagram influencers with bigger followings. Many leave “shoutout” request comments (which are unrelated to the photo post) in the hopes of getting noticed by the influencer and his or her other followers.

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How Companies Are Managing Expectations

Brands need to manage expectations and identify key priorities when allocating influencer marketing funds: Are they contracting influencers to gain more exposure for the company, its products, or its services, or are they hoping these influencers can take marketing and promotions a step further by actually affecting sales figures? That’s why research on the personalities of each of the influencers they plan on contracting has become an integral step.

There are a lot of credible and legitimate influencers who produce top-quality content, work on engaging with their followers, and care enough about the actual “influence” they have by affecting sales of a product they’re promoting. But in recent years, there are also many unscrupulous ones that became influencers largely because they want a high-profile lifestyle and believe they can dupe companies into contracting them for their perceived influence and numbers, inflated or otherwise.

Jenna, a social media director for a large, Europe-based fashion e-commerce website, mentioned that she gets an average of five to eight e-mails weekly from unknown talents who claim to be “well- known influencers” to propose paid collaborations.

“Oftentimes, they exchange messages with my team and, in some cases, the collaborations begin unpaid and just through product loaning. If the results work with us, we take the discussion further for a proper collaboration and activation. But there had been difficult instances where these ‘influencers’ with big numbers don’t even bother returning the products! A lot of these Instagrammers are scheming and try to look for ways to cut corners in a bid to win collaborations or campaigns and, from a brand perspective, it becomes very discouraging for us to work with them. We have since implemented a stricter system and have become particularly discerning of whom we choose to work with.”

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Why Instagram Started Hiding Likes

Last November, Instagram chief Adam Mosseri announced that the platform will be “hiding likes” on some U.S. posts. The company had already been testing this service in countries like Australia, Brazil, Canada, Ireland, Italy, Japan, and New Zealand since July. And while these likes are hidden, they are not really gone because you will still see the like count on your photos, though you will not be able to see them on other people’s posts. Mosseri told Buzzfeed News that “removing likes was about creating a less pressurized environment where people feel comfortable expressing themselves.” 

While this is still relatively new, according to a recent survey of Canadian influencers by Hashtagpaid.com, a platform that connects brands with content creators, more than half of the influencers affected by this Instagram “test” had already seen their number of likes drop on their posts. 

Business Insider reported that while influencers have begun worrying, “influencer agencies that secure brand deals and marketing campaigns don’t seem to be as concerned about the effects and likes disappearing.” If anything, this is probably even helping agencies and companies weed out influencers with inauthentic followers against influencers who can authentically connect with their followers. Likes are a mere vanity metric, but should never be used as the only barometer in determining an Instagrammer’s influence.

Lisa Maynard-Atem, an independent social media strategist and former digital director of Harrods of London, thinks that “brands have begun to understand that, whilst followers and likes are great, they are ultimately just a vanity metric and don’t necessarily guarantee sales. There is also the more pressing question of brand loyalty. I see many influencers working with several brands at a time. Whilst I understand the financial reasons behind it, as a consumer, it does make me think twice about their loyalty to the brand. If you are working with one brand today and a different brand tomorrow, how much are you really invested in them? Do you actually believe in what the brand stands for or are you just collecting your paycheck? Ultimately, whilst brands have become more intelligent in the way they approach influencer marketing, I believe that influencers, for as long as they continue to be the popular marketing choice, will always have the advantage.”

How Much Influencer Fraud Will Cost Advertisers

Influencer fraud is projected to cost advertisers $1.5 billion next year. Ethically challenged influencers today continue to take shortcuts to inflate their numbers. They continue to buy followers, likes, and engagement, and somehow these purchases from follower factories and “click farms” still manage to get past Instagram’s regulators. Many of these influencers even managed to get their accounts verified with Instagram’s much-coveted blue check.

Companies will need to invest in research and exhaustively study today’s digital marketing landscape to prevent themselves from becoming victims of influencer fraud, if they hadn’t been already. This is why it has become important, if not paramount, for them to understand and use social media analytics and tracking tools as part of their research.

Free third-party services like Social Blade can already reveal basic information about an influencer’s follower/ following growth pattern and engagement rate. Paid-service analytics companies like Hype Auditor produce more comprehensive reports and can dissect influencers’ follower demographics, audience quality score, and authenticity. 

In the end, brands, advertisers, and marketing agencies should know not to rely just on follower count, likes, or even follower authenticity. They should conduct in-depth research into influencers’ personal character and integrity, as well. Companies need to understand that they should be contracting influencers whose personal values and predilection align with their brand values. After all, they are investing big marketing money on them and will continue to do so, until the next big marketing platform comes along.

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